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四、容器IoC-基于XML管理Bean

搭建子模块 spring6-ioc-xml

创建User类

java
package com.atguigu.spring6;

public class User {

    private String name;

    private Integer age;

    public void run() {
        System.out.println("run...");
    }
}

bean.xml

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="user" class="com.atguigu.spring6.User"></bean>
</beans>

获取bean

java
package com.atguigu.spring6;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

class UserTest {

    @Test
    void run() {
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");

        // 方式一:根据id获取bean
        User user1 = (User) context.getBean("user");
        System.out.println(user1);

        // 方式二:根据类型获取bean
        User user2 = context.getBean(User.class);
        System.out.println(user2);

        // 方式三:根据id和类型
        User user3 = context.getBean("user", User.class);
        System.out.println(user3);

    }
}

注意的地方

当根据类型获取bean时,要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个

扩展知识

如果组件类实现了接口,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

可以,前提是bean唯一

如果一个接口有多个实现类,这些实现类都配置了 bean,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

不行,因为bean不唯一

结论

根据类型来获取bean时,在满足bean唯一性的前提下,其实只是看:『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果,只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配,能够获取到。

java中,instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类,或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true,否则返回false。也就是说:用instanceof关键字做判断时, instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系

依赖注入

手动注入的示例

java
package com.atguigu.spring6;

public class Student {
    private String name;

    private Integer age;

    public Student() {
    }

    public Student(String name, Integer age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 通过set对属性赋值
        Student student1 = new Student();
        student1.setAge(18);
        student1.setName("Tom");

        // 通过构造器对属性赋值
        Student student2 = new Student("Jack", 23);
    }
}

依赖注入之setter注入

bean-student.xml

xml
<!--通过set注入-->
<bean id="student" class="com.atguigu.spring6.Student">
    <property name="age" value="20"></property>
    <property name="name" value="Tom"></property>
</bean>

测试

java
class StudentTest {
    @Test
    public void testSetter(){
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-student.xml");
        Student student = context.getBean("student", Student.class);
        System.out.println(student);
        // Student{name='Tom', age=20}
    }
}

依赖注入之构造器注入

xml
<!-- 通过构造器注入   -->
<bean id="studentConstructor" class="com.atguigu.spring6.Student">
    <constructor-arg name="age" value="23"></constructor-arg>
    <constructor-arg name="name" value="Jack"></constructor-arg>
</bean>
java

class StudentTest {
    @Test
    public void testConstructor(){
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-student.xml");
        Student student = context.getBean("studentConstructor", Student.class);
        System.out.println(student);
        // Student{name='Jack', age=23}
    }
}

特殊值处理

1、字面量赋值

xml
<property name="name" value="张三"/>

2、null值

xml
<property name="name">
    <null />
</property>

3、xml实体

xml
<!-- 小于号在XML文档中用来定义标签的开始,不能随便使用 -->
<!-- 解决方案一:使用XML实体来代替 -->
<property name="expression" value="a &lt; b"/>

4、CDATA节

xml
<property name="expression">
    <!-- 解决方案二:使用CDATA节 -->
    <!-- CDATA中的C代表Character,是文本、字符的含义,CDATA就表示纯文本数据 -->
    <!-- XML解析器看到CDATA节就知道这里是纯文本,就不会当作XML标签或属性来解析 -->
    <!-- 所以CDATA节中写什么符号都随意 -->
    <value><![CDATA[a < b]]></value>
</property>

对象类型属性赋值

部门员工案例

部门和员工关系:一对多

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.company;

/**
 * 部门
 */
public class Dept {
    private String dname;

    public String getDname() {
        return dname;
    }

    public void setDname(String dname) {
        this.dname = dname;
    }

    public void info(){
        System.out.println("info: " + this.dname);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Dept{" +
                "dname='" + dname + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
java
package com.atguigu.spring6.company;

/**
 * 员工
 */
public class Emp {
    private String ename;
    private Integer age;

    private Dept dept;

    public String getEname() {
        return ename;
    }

    public void setEname(String ename) {
        this.ename = ename;
    }

    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Dept getDept() {
        return dept;
    }

    public void setDept(Dept dept) {
        this.dept = dept;
    }

    public void work(){
        System.out.println(this.ename + " work... "  + this.age);
        this.dept.info();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Emp{" +
                "ename='" + ename + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                '}';
    }
}

配置文件 bean-emp.xml

1、引用外部bean

xml
<bean id="dept" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Dept">
    <property name="dname" value="财务部"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="emp" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="ename" value="Tom"></property>
    <property name="age" value="20"></property>
    <property name="dept" ref="dept"></property>
</bean>

ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值

2、内部bean

xml
<bean id="emp2" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="ename" value="Tom"></property>
    <property name="age" value="20"></property>
    <property name="dept">
        <bean id="dept2" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Dept">
            <property name="dname" value="财务部"></property>
        </bean>
    </property>
</bean>

在一个bean中再声明一个bean就是内部bean

内部bean只能用于给属性赋值,不能在外部通过IOC容器获取,因此可以省略id属性

3、级联属性赋值

xml
<bean id="dept3" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Dept">
    <property name="dname" value="财务部"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="emp3" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="ename" value="Tom"></property>
    <property name="age" value="20"></property>
    <property name="dept" ref="dept3"></property>
    <property name="dept.dname" value="研发部"></property>
</bean>

测试类

java
package com.atguigu.spring6;

import com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class EmpTest {
    @Test
    public void test() {
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-emp.xml");
        Emp emp = context.getBean("emp", Emp.class);
        emp.work();
        // Tom work... 20
        // info: 财务部
    }
}

为数组类型属性赋值

增加属性

java
private String[] hobbies;

public String[] getHobbies() {
    return hobbies;
}

public void setHobbies(String[] hobbies) {
    this.hobbies = hobbies;
}
xml
<bean id="emp" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="hobbies">
        <array>
            <value>抽烟</value>
            <value>喝酒</value>
            <value>烫头</value>
        </array>
    </property>
</bean>

测试类

java
@Test
public void testArray() {
    ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean-array.xml");
    Emp emp = context.getBean("emp", Emp.class);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(emp.getHobbies()));
    // [抽烟, 喝酒, 烫头]
}

为List集合类型属性赋值

java
private List<Emp> empList;
xml
<bean id="emp1" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="ename" value="Tom"></property>
    <property name="age" value="20"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="emp2" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Emp">
    <property name="ename" value="Jack"></property>
    <property name="age" value="30"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="dept" class="com.atguigu.spring6.company.Dept">
    <property name="empList">
        <list>
            <ref bean="emp1"></ref>
            <ref bean="emp2"></ref>
        </list>
    </property>
</bean>

若为Set集合类型属性赋值,只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可

为Map集合类型属性赋值

java
public class Teacher {

    private Integer teacherId;

    private String teacherName;

}

public class Student{
    private Map<String, Teacher> teacherMap;
}
xml
<bean id="teacherOne" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Teacher">
    <property name="teacherId" value="10010"></property>
    <property name="teacherName" value="大宝"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="teacherTwo" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Teacher">
    <property name="teacherId" value="10086"></property>
    <property name="teacherName" value="二宝"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="studentFour" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student">
    <property name="id" value="1004"></property>
    <property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
    <property name="age" value="26"></property>
    <property name="sex" value="女"></property>
    <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
    <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
    <property name="hobbies">
        <array>
            <value>抽烟</value>
            <value>喝酒</value>
            <value>烫头</value>
        </array>
    </property>
    <property name="teacherMap">
        <map>
            <entry>
                <key>
                    <value>10010</value>
                </key>
                <ref bean="teacherOne"></ref>
            </entry>
            <entry>
                <key>
                    <value>10086</value>
                </key>
                <ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref>
            </entry>
        </map>
    </property>
</bean>

引用集合类型的bean

xml
<!--list集合类型的bean-->
<util:list id="students">
    <ref bean="studentOne"></ref>
    <ref bean="studentTwo"></ref>
    <ref bean="studentThree"></ref>
</util:list>
<!--map集合类型的bean-->
<util:map id="teacherMap">
    <entry>
        <key>
            <value>10010</value>
        </key>
        <ref bean="teacherOne"></ref>
    </entry>
    <entry>
        <key>
            <value>10086</value>
        </key>
        <ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref>
    </entry>
</util:map>

<bean id="clazzTwo" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz">
    <property name="clazzId" value="4444"></property>
    <property name="clazzName" value="Javaee0222"></property>
    <property name="students" ref="students"></property>
</bean>

<bean id="studentFour" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student">
    <property name="id" value="1004"></property>
    <property name="name" value="赵六"></property>
    <property name="age" value="26"></property>
    <property name="sex" value="女"></property>
    <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 -->
    <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property>
    <property name="hobbies">
        <array>
            <value>抽烟</value>
            <value>喝酒</value>
            <value>烫头</value>
        </array>
    </property>
    <property name="teacherMap" ref="teacherMap"></property>
</bean>

使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
</beans>

p命名空间

引入p命名空间

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
</beans>

引入p命名空间后,可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值

xml
<bean id="studentSix" 
    class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"
    p:id="1006" 
    p:name="小明" 
    p:clazz-ref="clazzOne" 
    p:teacherMap-ref="teacherMap"
></bean>

引入外部属性文件

①加入依赖

xml
<!-- MySQL驱动 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>mysql</groupId>
    <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
    <version>8.0.30</version>
</dependency>

<!-- 数据源 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
    <artifactId>druid</artifactId>
    <version>1.2.15</version>
</dependency>

②创建外部属性文件

jdbc.properties

bash
jdbc.user=root
jdbc.password=atguigu
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ssm?serverTimezone=UTC
jdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

③引入属性文件

引入context 名称空间

xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

</beans>
xml
<!-- 引入外部属性文件 -->
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>

注意:在使用 <context:property-placeholder> 元素加载外包配置文件功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 <beans> 中添加 context 相关的约束。

④配置bean

xml
<bean id="druidDataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource">
    <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
    <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driver}"/>
    <property name="username" value="${jdbc.user}"/>
    <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
</bean>

⑤测试

java
@Test
public void testDataSource() throws SQLException {
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml");
    DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class);
    Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection();
    System.out.println(connection);
}

bean的作用域

①概念

在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围,各取值含义参加下表:

取值含义创建对象的时机
singleton(默认)在IOC容器中,这个bean的对象始终为单实例IOC容器初始化时
prototype这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例获取bean时

如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域(但不常用):

取值含义
request在一个请求范围内有效
session在一个会话范围内有效

②创建类User

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;

public class User {

    private Integer id;

    private String username;

    private String password;

    private Integer age;

    // getset方法省略
}

③配置bean

xml
<!-- scope属性:取值singleton(默认值),bean在IOC容器中只有一个实例,IOC容器初始化时创建对象 -->
<!-- scope属性:取值prototype,bean在IOC容器中可以有多个实例,getBean()时创建对象 -->
<bean class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype"></bean>

④测试

java
@Test
public void testBeanScope(){
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml");
    User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class);
    User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class);
    System.out.println(user1==user2);
}

bean生命周期

①具体的生命周期过程

  • bean对象创建(调用无参构造器)

  • 给bean对象设置属性

  • bean的后置处理器(初始化之前)

  • bean对象初始化(需在配置bean时指定初始化方法)

  • bean的后置处理器(初始化之后)

  • bean对象就绪可以使用

  • bean对象销毁(需在配置bean时指定销毁方法)

  • IOC容器关闭

②修改类User

java
public class User {

    private String name;

    public User() {
        System.out.println("生命周期:1、创建对象");
    }

    public void initMethod(){
        System.out.println("生命周期:3、初始化");
    }

    public void destroyMethod(){
        System.out.println("生命周期:5、销毁");
    }
}

注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod(),可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法

③配置bean

xml
<!-- 使用init-method属性指定初始化方法 -->
<!-- 使用destroy-method属性指定销毁方法 -->
<bean class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype" init-method="initMethod" destroy-method="destroyMethod">
    <property name="id" value="1001"></property>
    <property name="username" value="admin"></property>
    <property name="password" value="123456"></property>
    <property name="age" value="23"></property>
</bean>

④测试

java
@Test
public void testLife(){
    ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml");
    User bean = ac.getBean(User.class);
    System.out.println("生命周期:4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用");
    ac.close();
}

⑤bean的后置处理器

bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作,需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口,且配置到IOC容器中,需要注意的是,bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效,而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行

创建bean的后置处理器:

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.process;
    
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;

public class MyBeanProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
    
    @Override
    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("☆☆☆" + beanName + " = " + bean);
        return bean;
    }
    
    @Override
    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
        System.out.println("★★★" + beanName + " = " + bean);
        return bean;
    }
}

在IOC容器中配置后置处理器:

xml
<!-- bean的后置处理器要放入IOC容器才能生效 -->
<bean id="myBeanProcessor" class="com.atguigu.spring6.process.MyBeanProcessor"/>

FactoryBean

①简介

FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架 的常用机制。和普通的bean不同,配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean,在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象,而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制,Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来,只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。

将来我们整合Mybatis时,Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。

java
package org.springframework.beans.factory;

import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;

public interface FactoryBean<T> {

    String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType";

    @Nullable
    T getObject() throws Exception;


    @Nullable
    Class<?> getObjectType();

    default boolean isSingleton() {
        return true;
    }
}

②创建类UserFactoryBean

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;
public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean<User> {
    @Override
    public User getObject() throws Exception {
        return new User();
    }

    @Override
    public Class<?> getObjectType() {
        return User.class;
    }
}

③配置bean

xml
<bean id="user" class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.UserFactoryBean"></bean>

④测试

java
@Test
public void testUserFactoryBean(){
    //获取IOC容器
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml");
    User user = (User) ac.getBean("user");
    System.out.println(user);
}

基于xml自动装配

自动装配:

根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值

①场景模拟

创建类UserController

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controller;

public class UserController {

    private UserService userService;

    public void setUserService(UserService userService) {
        this.userService = userService;
    }

    public void saveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();
    }

}

创建接口UserService

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service;

public interface UserService {

    void saveUser();

}

创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl;

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {

    private UserDao userDao;

    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }

    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
        userDao.saveUser();
    }

}

创建接口UserDao

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao;

public interface UserDao {

    void saveUser();

}

创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao

java
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl;

public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {

    @Override
    public void saveUser() {
        System.out.println("保存成功");
    }

}

②配置bean

使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果

自动装配方式:byType

byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值

若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即值为默认值null

若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException

xml
<bean id="userController" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byType"></bean>

<bean id="userService" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType"></bean>

<bean id="userDao" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>

自动装配方式:byName

byName:将自动装配的属性的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值

xml
<bean id="userController" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byName"></bean>

<bean id="userService" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>
<bean id="userServiceImpl" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean>

<bean id="userDao" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
<bean id="userDaoImpl" class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>

③测试

java
@Test
public void testAutoWireByXML(){
    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml");
    UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class);
    userController.saveUser();
}