子查询 sub query
1、基本概念
1.1、子查询
嵌套查询下层的程序模块,当一个查询是另一个查询的条件时,称之为子查询
一条select语句中,嵌入了另一条select语句
1.2、主查询
主要的查询对象,第一条select语句,确定所获取的数据目标(数据源)
1.3、子查询和主查询的关系
- 子查询是嵌入到主查询中的
- 子查询辅助主查询,要么作为条件,要么作为数据源
- 子查询可以独立存在,是一条完整的select语句
1.4、子查询的分类
1、按功能分
- 标量子查询:子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
- 列子查询:返回一列(一列多行)
- 行子查询:返回一行(一行多列)
- 表子查询:返回多行多列
- exists子查询 返回1或者0(类似布尔操作)
2、按位置分
- where子查询
- from子查询
2、标量子查询
查询结果是一个数据(一行一列)
2.1、基本语法
sql
-- 子查询得到的结果只有一个值
select * from 数据源 where 条件判断 =/<> (select 字段名 form 数据源 where 条件判断);
2.2、示例
sql
-- 知道学生的id,查询所在班级名字
-- 主查询:班级,子查询:班级id
mysql> select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
mysql> select * from my_class;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 一班 |
| 3 | 三班 |
| 2 | 二班 |
+----+--------+
select class_id from my_student where id = 1;
+----------+
| class_id |
+----------+
| 1 |
+----------+
select * from my_class where id = (
select class_id from my_student where id = 1
);
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 一班 |
+----+--------+
3、列子查询
列子查询得到的结果是一列数据,一列多行
3.1、基本语法
sql
主查询 where 条件 in (列子查询)
3.2、示例
sql
-- 获取有学生的班级名字
-- 1、找到学生表中的所有班级id
-- 2、找出班级表中对应的名字
select distinct(class_id) from my_student;
+----------+
| class_id |
+----------+
| 1 |
| 2 |
+----------+
select name from my_class where id in (
select distinct(class_id) from my_student
);
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 一班 |
| 二班 |
+--------+
4、行子查询
行子查询返回的结果是一行多列
- 字段元素:一个字段对应的值
- 行元素:多个字段合起来作为一个元素参与运算
4.1、基本语法
sql
主查询 where 条件 [(构造一个行元素)] = (行子查询);
4.2、示例
sql
获取班级年龄最大,且班级号最大的学生
1、求年龄最大
2、求班级号最大
3、求出学生
-- 错误示例
select * from my_student having age = max(age) and class_id = max(class_id);
-- 1、having在group by之后,代表group by执行了一次,聚合函数使用
-- 2、group by 一旦执行,结果就是只返回一行记录,第一行
select max(age), max(class_id) from my_student;
+----------+---------------+
| max(age) | max(class_id) |
+----------+---------------+
| 22 | 2 |
+----------+---------------+
select * from my_student where (age, class_id) = (
select max(age), max(class_id) from my_student
);
Empty set (0.01 sec)
select * from my_student where (age, class_id) = (
select max(age), min(class_id) from my_student
);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
总结:
标量子查询、列子查询、行子查询都属于where子查询
5、表子查询
表子查询返回结果是多行多列,与行子查询相似
行子查询需要行元素,表子查询没有
- 行子查询用于where条件判断,属于where子查询
- 表子查询用于from数据源,属于from子查询
5.1、基本语法
sql
select 字段表 from (表子查询) as 别名 [where] [group by] [having] [order by] [limit]
5.2、示例
sql
获取每个班级年龄最大的学生
-- 错误示例
select * from my_student group by class_id having age = max(age);
将每个班年龄最大的学生排在最前面 order by
针对结果进行group by 保留每组第一条数据
--
select * from (
select * from my_student order by age desc
) as t group by t.class_id;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
6、exists子查询
返回结果只有0或者1,1代表成立,0代表不成立
6.1、基本语法
sql
where exists (查询语句)
-- 永远为真
where 1;
6.2、示例
sql
-- 查询有学生的所有班级
select * from my_class as c where exists (
select id from my_student as s where s.class_id = c.id
);
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 一班 |
| 2 | 二班 |
+----+--------+
7、子查询中的特定关键字
sql
mysql> select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
mysql> select id from my_class;
+----+
| id |
+----+
| 1 |
| 3 |
| 2 |
+----+
7.1、in
sql
主查询 where 条件 in (列子查询)
select * from my_student where class_id in (select id from my_class);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
7.2、any
sql
-- 查询结果中有任意一个匹配即可,等价于in
主查询 where 条件 any (列子查询)
select * from my_student where class_id = any (select id from my_class);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
-- 不等于任意一个
主查询 where 条件 any <> (列子查询)
select * from my_student where class_id <> any (select id from my_class);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
7.3、some
与any完全一样
7.4、all
sql
-- 等于其中所有
=all(列子查询)
select * from my_student where class_id = all (select id from my_class);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
select * from my_class where id = all (select class_id from my_student);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 不等于其中所有
<>all(列子查询)
select * from my_student where class_id <> all (select id from my_class);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
select * from my_class where id <> all (select class_id from my_student);
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 3 | 三班 |
+----+--------+
7.5、值为null
如果值为null,不参与匹配
sql
mysql> select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 5 | 关羽 | NULL | 22 | 2 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
mysql> select * from my_student where class_id = any (select id from my_class);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
mysql> select * from my_student where class_id <> any (select id from my_class);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name | class_id | age | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 |
| 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 |
| 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+