联合查询

将多个查询结果的结果集合并到一起（纵向合并），字段数不变，多个查询结果的记录数合并

1、应用场景

1. 同一张表中不同结果合并到一起展示：男生升高升序，女生升高降序
2. 数据量较大的表，进行分表操作，将每张表的数据合并起来显示

2、基本语法

select 语句
union [union 选项]
select 语句;

union 选项 和select 选项基本一致

• distinct 去重，默认
• all 保存所有结果

mysql> select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name   | class_id | age  | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
|  9 | 曹操   |        1 |   20 |   NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+

-- 默认选项：distinct
select * from my_student
union
select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name   | class_id | age  | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
|  9 | 曹操   |        1 |   20 |   NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+


select * from my_student
union all
select * from my_student;
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name   | class_id | age  | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
|  9 | 曹操   |        1 |   20 |   NULL |
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
|  9 | 曹操   |        1 |   20 |   NULL |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+

-- 只需要保证字段数量一样，不需要每次拿到的数据类型都一样
-- 只保留第一个select的字段名
select id, name, age from my_student
union all
select name, id, age  from my_student;
+--------+--------+------+
| id     | name   | age  |
+--------+--------+------+
| 1      | 刘备   |   18 |
| 2      | 李四   |   19 |
| 3      | 王五   |   20 |
| 7      | 张飞   |   21 |
| 8      | 关羽   |   22 |
| 9      | 曹操   |   20 |
| 刘备   | 1      |   18 |
| 李四   | 2      |   19 |
| 王五   | 3      |   20 |
| 张飞   | 7      |   21 |
| 关羽   | 8      |   22 |
| 曹操   | 9      |   20 |
+--------+--------+------+

3、order by的使用

联合查询中，使用order by, select语句必须使用括号

(select * from my_student where gender = 1 order by age desc)
union
(select * from my_student where gender = 2 order by age asc);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name   | class_id | age  | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+

-- order by 要生效，必须使用limit 通常大于表的记录数
(select * from my_student where gender = 1 order by age desc limit 10)
union
(select * from my_student where gender = 2 order by age asc limit 10);
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
| id | name   | class_id | age  | gender |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+
|  7 | 张飞   |        2 |   21 |      1 |
|  2 | 李四   |        1 |   19 |      1 |
|  1 | 刘备   |        1 |   18 |      2 |
|  3 | 王五   |        2 |   20 |      2 |
|  8 | 关羽   |        1 |   22 |      2 |
+----+--------+----------+------+--------+